Folk Culture Is Dead Art Kept on Life Support

Part of death in several cultures

"All Is Vanity" by C. Allan Gilbert, suggesting an intertwining betwixt life and decease.

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well equally ethical issues relating to death, such as martyrdom, suicide and euthanasia. Expiry refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism, i.e. when all biological systems of a homo being stop to operate. Decease and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world. Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions.

Disposal of remains [edit]

A horse-drawn hearse with driver, circa 1900, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA.

In most cultures, subsequently the last offices have been performed and earlier the onset of pregnant decay, relations or friends arrange for ritual disposition of the trunk, either by destruction, or past preservation, or in a secondary apply. In the The states, this ofttimes means either cremation or interment in a tomb.

There are various methods of destroying homo remains, depending on religious or spiritual beliefs, and upon practical necessity. Cremation is a very old and quite common custom. For some people, the act of cremation exemplifies the belief of the Christian concept of "ashes to ashes". On the other hand, in Bharat, cremation and disposal of the bones in the river Ganges (considered by many in Bharat, as well as Hindus around the world to be sacred) is common. Some other method is sky burial, which involves placing the body of the deceased on loftier ground (a mountain) and leaving it for birds of prey to dispose of, every bit in Tibet. In some religious views, birds of prey are carriers of the soul to the heavens. Such practice may as well have originated from businesslike ecology issues, such as atmospheric condition in which the terrain (every bit in Tibet) is as well stony or hard to dig, or in which there are few trees around to burn. Every bit the local organized religion of Buddhism, in the case of Tibet, believes that the trunk afterwards death is merely an empty shell, at that place are more applied means than burying of disposing of a body, such as leaving information technology for animals to consume. In some line-fishing or marine communities, mourners may put the torso into the water, in what is known as burial at ocean. Several mountain villages have a tradition of hanging the coffin in woods.

Since ancient times, in some cultures efforts have been made to slow, or largely terminate the body's decay processes earlier burial, as in mummification or embalming. This procedure may be done earlier, during or after a funeral ceremony. Many cultures accept locations in which graves are unremarkably grouped together in a plot of country, called a cemetery or graveyard. Burials can be bundled by a funeral abode, mortuary, undertaker or by a religious body such as a church building or the community's burial society, a charitable or voluntary body charged with these duties. The preserved or unpreserved body may then be interred in a grave, crypt, sepulchre, or ossuary, a mound or barrow, or a awe-inspiring surface construction such as a mausoleum (exemplified by the Taj Mahal) or a pyramid (as exemplified past the Great Pyramid of Giza). In some cases, a role of the remains may be preserved; in early ancient Greece, remains were cremated, but the bones preserved and interred.

Recently changes in civilisation and technology have led to new options. A late 20th century alternative is an ecological burying. This is a sequence of deep-freezing, pulverisation by vibration, freeze-drying, removing metals, and burying the resulting powder, which has 30% of the torso mass. Alternatively, a green burial is non a new process, but a very onetime one involving burying the unpreserved remains in a forest bury or casket, which will naturally decompose, and thus not permanently take up state. A very different option from that is a space burying, which uses a rocket to launch the cremated remains of a body into orbit. This has been done at to the lowest degree 150 times. Still, almost of these remains are not complete, nor launched permanently into infinite, due to price. Two partial permanent space burials are those of astronomer Eugene Shoemaker, a part of whose remains were launched to the moon, and Clyde Tombaugh, the astronomer who discovered Pluto, role of whose remains travel with the New Horizons spacecraft, which has/will go out the solar system. Other remains have been launched only into earth orbit, and either recovered, or left to be lost.

Cryonics is the procedure of cryopreservating of a body to liquid nitrogen temperature to stop the natural decay processes that occur subsequently death. Those practicing cryonics hope that time to come applied science will let the legally dead person to be restored to life when and if science is able to cure all disease, rejuvenate people to a youthful condition and repair damage from the cryopreservation process itself. Equally of 2007^[update], there were over 150 people in some course of cryopreservation at one of the two largest cryonics organizations, Alcor Life Extension Foundation and the Cryonics Institute.

In some nations whole trunk donations take been encouraged by medical schools to be used in medical education and similar training, and in inquiry. In the Usa, these gifts, along with organ donations, are governed by the Uniform Anatomical Gift Deed. In addition to wishing to benefit others, individuals might cull to donate their bodies to avoid the price of funeral arrangements; withal, willed torso programs ofttimes encourage families to brand alternative arrangements for burying if the body is non accustomed.

Grief and mourning [edit]

Grief is a multi-faceted response to loss. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, it as well has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social and philosophical dimensions. Mutual to man experience is the death of a loved one, be they friend, family, or other. While the terms are often used interchangeably, bereavement oftentimes refers to the state of loss, and grief to the reaction to loss. Response to loss is varied and researchers take moved abroad from conventional views of grief (that is, that people move through an orderly and predictable serial of responses to loss) to one that considers the wide variety of responses that are influenced by personality, family, civilization, and spiritual and religious behavior and practices.

Bereavement, while a normal office of life for virtually people, carries a degree of risk when limited support is available. Astringent reactions to loss may carry over into familial relations and crusade trauma for children, spouses and whatsoever other family members. Issues of personal faith and beliefs may also face claiming, as bereaved persons reassess personal definitions in the face of great hurting. While many who grieve are able to work through their loss independently, accessing additional support from bereavement professionals may promote the process of healing. Individual counseling, professional person support groups or educational classes, and peer-lead support groups are primary resources available to the bereaved. In some regions local hospice agencies may be an important kickoff contact for those seeking bereavement support.

Mourning is the process of and practices surrounding death related grief. The word is also used to draw a cultural complex of behaviours in which the bereaved participate or are expected to participate. Customs vary between different cultures and evolve over time, though many cadre behaviors remain abiding. Wearing dark, sombre dress is one practice followed in many countries, though other forms of dress are also seen. Those most affected by the loss of a loved i ofttimes discover a period of grieving, marked by withdrawal from social events and quiet, respectful behavior. People may too follow sure religious traditions for such occasions.

Mourning may as well apply to the death of, or anniversary of the passing of, an of import individual like a local leader, monarch, religious effigy etc. Land mourning may occur on such an occasion. In contempo years some traditions have given style to less strict practices, though many customs and traditions go on to be followed.

It's a courtesy, that when a person passes away; all those friends and relatives "who loved him" must definitely make it to his funeral and stand by the grieved family at such a critical stage of bereavement. In dissimilarity, when a person is alive it's left up to him to invite those friends and relatives "whom he loves" in instance of any commemoration or events. So there goes the difference of social conscience when one exists and afterward s/he ceases.

Animal loss [edit]

Animal loss is the loss of a pet or a non-human fauna to which one has go emotionally bonded. Though sometimes trivialized past those who have not experienced it themselves, it can be an intense loss, depending on how close one was to the brute.

Legal aspects [edit]

Settlement of legal entity [edit]

Aside from the concrete disposition of the corpse, the estate of a person must be settled. This includes all of the person's legal rights and obligations, such as assets and debts. Depending on the jurisdiction, intestacy laws or a volition may determine the final disposition of the estate. A legal process, such as probate, will guide these proceedings.

In English police, administration of an estate on expiry arises if the deceased is legally intestate. In United states constabulary, the term Manor Administration is used. When a person dies leaving a volition appointing an executor, and that executor validly disposes of the property of the deceased, and so the estate will go to probate. However, if no will is left, or the will is invalid or incomplete in some way, then administrators must be appointed. They perform a like role to the executor of a volition but, where at that place are no instructions in a will, the administrators must distribute the estate of the deceased according to the rules laid down by statute and the common police.

Upper-case letter punishment [edit]

Capital punishment, as well known as the decease punishment, is the killing of a convicted criminal by the state as penalty for crimes known equally capital crimes or upper-case letter offences. Historically, the execution of criminals and political opponents was used past most all societies—both to punish law-breaking and to suppress political dissent. Among autonomous countries around the world, all European (except Republic of belarus) and Latin American states, many Pacific Area states (including Australia, New Zealand and Timor Leste), and Canada have abolished death penalty, while the majority of the United states, Republic of guatemala, and most of the Caribbean area likewise as some democracies in Asia (e.m., Nihon and India) and Africa (e.thou., Botswana and Zambia) retain it. Among nondemocratic countries, the use of the death penalty is common simply non universal.

In almost places that do capital letter punishment today, the death penalisation is reserved every bit punishment for premeditated murder, espionage, treason, or every bit part of military justice. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as infidelity and sodomy, behave the death sentence, equally do religious crimes such as apostasy, the formal renunciation of one'due south religion. In many retentionist countries, drug trafficking is likewise a capital offense. In Communist china human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the globe courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and wildcat.^[1]

There are five countries that even so execute child offenders. Iran accounts for two-thirds of the global full of such executions, and currently has roughly 120 people on death row for crimes committed every bit juveniles (up from 71 in 2007).^[ii] ^[3]

Capital penalty is a very contentious issue. Supporters of capital penalty argue that it deters crime, prevents recidivism, and is an appropriate course of penalisation for the crime of murder. Opponents of capital letter punishment argue that it does not deter criminals more than life imprisonment, violates human rights, leads to executions of some who are wrongfully bedevilled, and discriminates against minorities and the poor. It seems that both sides make their proper points in supporting ane of those decisions, but a compromise tin can non be reached.

Warfare [edit]

Dead Japanese soldiers on Guam July 1944.

State of war is a prolonged country of violent, big scale conflict involving 2 or more groups of people. When and how war originated is a highly controversial topic. Some think war has existed as long as humans, while others believe it began only about 5000 years ago with the rise of the first states; later war "spread to peaceful hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists."^[four]

Ofttimes opposing leaders or governing bodies get other people to fight for them, even if those fighting have no vested interest in the problems fought over. In time information technology became practical for some people to have warfare as their sole occupation, either as a fellow member of a military force or mercenary. The original crusade of state of war is not e'er known. Wars may be prosecuted simultaneously in one or more different theatres. Within each theatre, there may be ane or more consecutive military campaigns. Private actions of war within a specific entrada are traditionally called battles, although this terminology is not always applied to contentions in modernity involving aircraft, missiles or bombs alone in the absence of ground troops or naval forces.

The factors leading to war are often complicated and due to a range of problems. Where disputes arise over issues such as sovereignty, territory, resources, credo and a peaceable resolution is not sought, fails, or is thwarted, war often results.

A war may brainstorm following an official declaration of war in the case of international war, although this has not always been observed either historically or currently. Civil wars and revolutions are non usually initiated by a formal declaration of war, simply sometimes a statement about the purposes of the fighting is made. Such statements may be interpreted to be declarations of state of war, or at least a willingness to fight for a cause.

When members of public services die, specially soldiers, their side by side of kin are usually given a death notification.

Military suicide and suicide attacks [edit]

Two Japanese Imperial Marines who committed suicide rather than surrender, Tarawa, Gilbert Islands in the Pacific, 1943.

A suicide set on occurs when an individual or group violently sacrifice their own lives for the do good of their side, their behavior or out of fear of being captured . In the desperate final days of Globe War II, many Japanese pilots volunteered for kamikaze missions in an attempt to forestall defeat for the Empire. In Nazi Frg, Luftwaffe squadrons were formed to smash into American B-17s during daylight bombing missions, in order to delay the highly-probable Allied victory, although in this example, inspiration was primarily the Soviet and Polish taran ramming attacks, and expiry of the airplane pilot was not a desired result. The degree to which such a pilot was engaging in a heroic, selfless action or whether they faced immense social pressure level is a affair of historical fence. The Japanese also built one-man "human torpedo" suicide submarines.

However, suicide has been adequately mutual in warfare throughout history. Soldiers and civilians committed suicide to avoid capture and slavery (including the wave of High german and Japanese suicides in the last days of Earth War II). Commanders committed suicide rather than accept defeat. Spies and officers have committed suicide to avoid revealing secrets nether interrogation and/or torture. Behaviour that could be seen as suicidal occurred often in boxing. Japanese infantrymen usually fought to the concluding man, launched "banzai" suicide charges, and committed suicide during the Pacific island battles in World War II. In Saipan and Okinawa, civilians joined in the suicides. Suicidal attacks by pilots were common in the 20th century: the assault past U.Southward. torpedo planes at the Battle of Midway was very similar to a kamikaze set on.

Martyrdom [edit]

A martyr is a person who is put to decease or endures suffering for their behavior, principles or ideology. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called martyrdom. In unlike belief systems, the criteria for being considered a martyr are unlike. In the Christian context, a martyr is an innocent person who, without seeking death, is murdered or put to decease for his or her religious faith or convictions. An example is the persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire. Christian martyrs sometimes decline to defend themselves at all, in what they see as an false of Jesus' willing sacrifice.

Islam views a martyr every bit a man or woman who dies while conducting jihad, whether on or off the battlefield (run across greater jihad and lesser jihad).^[5] All the same, opinions in the Muslim world vary widely on whether suicide bombers tin count as martyrs. Few Muslims believe that suicide bombing tin be justified.^[6]

Though often religious in nature, martyrdom can be applied to a secular context as well. The term is sometimes practical to those who dice or are otherwise severely afflicted in support of a crusade, such as soldiers fighting in a war, doctors fighting an epidemic, or people leading civil rights movements. Proclaiming martyrdom is a common mode to draw attention to a crusade and garner support.

Suicide [edit]

Suicide is the human activity of intentionally taking i's own life. The term "suicide" can besides be used as a noun to refer to a person who has killed himself or herself.

Views on suicide have been influenced by cultural views on existential themes such as religion, laurels, and the significant of life. Virtually Western and Asian religions—the Abrahamic religions, Buddhism, Hinduism—consider suicide a dishonorable deed; in the Due west it was regarded every bit a serious offense and law-breaking confronting God due to religious belief in the sanctity of life. Japanese views on honor and organized religion led to seppuku existence respected equally a means to absolve for mistakes or failure during the samurai era. In the 20th century suicide in the form of self-immolation has been used every bit a form of protest. Self-sacrifice (thus saving lives of others) for others is not usually considered suicide.

The predominant view of modern medicine is that suicide is a mental health concern, associated with psychological factors such as the difficulty of coping with low, inescapable hurting or fear, or other mental disorders and pressures. Suicide attempts can be many times interpreted every bit a "weep for assistance" and attending, or to limited despair and the wish to escape, rather than a 18-carat intent to die. About suicides (for various reasons) do not succeed on a first attempt; those who later on gain a history of repetitions are significantly more than at chance of eventual completion.^[7] Well-nigh a million people worldwide die past suicide annually. While completed suicides are higher in men, women take higher rates for suicide attempts. Elderly males accept the highest suicide rate, although rates for young adults have been increasing in contempo years.^[8]

Euthanasia [edit]

Euthanasia is the practice of terminating the life of a person or animal in a painless or minimally painful way in order to preclude suffering or other undesired weather condition in life. This may be voluntary or involuntary, and carried out with or without a physician. In a medical environment, it is normally carried out by oral, intravenous or intramuscular drug administration.

Laws effectually the globe vary greatly with regard to euthanasia and are subject to change every bit people'south values shift and amend palliative care or treatments become available. Information technology is legal in some nations, while in others it may be criminalized. Due to the gravity of the issue, strict restrictions and proceedings are enforced regardless of legal condition. Euthanasia is a controversial consequence because of conflicting moral feelings both within a person's ain beliefs and betwixt different cultures, ethnicities, religions and other groups. The subject is explored by the mass media, authors, pic makers and philosophers, and is the source of ongoing fence and emotion.

Customs [edit]

Decease's finality and the relative lack of firm scientific agreement of its processes for most of man history have led to many different traditions and cultural rituals for dealing with decease and remembrance. Some superstitions include: If you don't hold your jiff while going past a graveyard, you will non exist buried; a bird in the house is a sign of a death; and many more than. A widely held custom is shutting the eyes of the deceased. In some cultures, the deceased's house was destroyed or burned; in other cultures, the doors and windows were left open up to cleanse the business firm (and allow the spirit to escape.)^[9]

Sacrifices [edit]

Sacrifice includes the practice of offer the lives of animals or people to the gods, as an deed of propitiation or worship. The practice of sacrifice is establish in the oldest human records, and the archaeological record finds corpses, both animal and human, that prove marks of having been sacrificed and take been dated to long before any records. Human sacrifice was practiced in many aboriginal cultures. The practice has varied between dissimilar civilizations, with some like the Aztecs existence notorious for their ritual killings, while others accept looked downwards on the practice. Victims ranging from prisoners to infants to virgins were killed to please their gods, suffering such fates as called-for, beheading and beingness buried alive.

Fauna sacrifice is the ritual killing of an animal as expert by many religions as a ways of appeasing a god or spiritual being, irresolute the course of nature or divining the future. Brute sacrifice has occurred in almost all cultures, from the Hebrews to the Greeks and Romans to the Yoruba. Over fourth dimension homo and beast sacrifices take become less common in the world, such that modern sacrifices in the West are rare. The practise of animal sacrifice is yet common in Islamic club even so, specially during the festival Eid al-Adha. Affluent Muslims who can beget it sacrifice their best halal domestic animals (normally a cow, but can besides exist a camel, goat, sheep or ram depending on the region) as a symbol of Abraham'south willingness to sacrifice his only son. The sacrificed animals, called aḍḥiya (Arabic: أضحية), known besides by the Perso-Arabic term qurbāni, take to meet certain age and quality standards or else the creature is considered an unacceptable sacrifice. This tradition accounts for the slaughter of more than 100 one thousand thousand animals in but two days of Eid. In Islamic republic of pakistan solitary nearly 10 million animals are slaughtered on Eid days costing over US$3 billion.^[x] Nearly religions condemn the practice of homo sacrifices, and present day laws by and large treat them every bit a criminal thing. Even so traditional cede rituals are notwithstanding seen in rural areas where the state monitors less closely^{[ citation needed ]}.

Philosophy, religion and mythology [edit]

A representation of Paradise

Faith in some form of afterlife is an of import aspect of many people'due south beliefs. For example, one attribute of Hinduism involves belief in a continuing cycle of nativity, life, death and rebirth (Samsara) and the liberation from the cycle (Moksha). Eternal render is a not-religious concept proposing an infinitely recurring cyclic universe, which relates to the subject of the afterlife and the nature of consciousness and time. Though diverse evidence has been advanced in attempts to demonstrate the reality of an afterlife, these claims accept never been validated. For this reason, the material or metaphysical existence of an afterlife is considered by many to exist a matter exterior the scope of science.

Light-green flags mark a graveyard in southeast Transitional islamic state of afghanistan.

Many cultures have incorporated a god of death into their mythology or faith. As death, along with birth, is amongst the major parts of human life, deities representing these events or passages may often exist the most important deities of a religion. In some religions with a single powerful deity every bit the object of worship, the decease deity is an antagonistic deity against which the primary deity struggles.

In polytheistic religions or mythologies, it is common to accept a deity who is assigned the function of presiding over death. The inclusion of such a "departmental" deity of decease in a religion's pantheon is non necessarily the same as the glorification of death. The latter is commonly condemned by the utilise of the term "expiry-worship" in modern political rhetoric. In the theology of monotheistic religions, the ane god governs both life and death. However, in practice at that place are many unlike rituals and traditions for acknowledging decease, which vary according to a number of factors, including geography, politics, traditions and the influence of other religions.

In the Jewish religion, a simple wooden coffin is discouraged; flowers in or around the coffin are not allowed. A natural burial (without a coffin) is a normality today in Israel.^[11]

Secular humanists often focus on the correct to cull how and when a person dies. I such scholar, Jacob Appel of New York University, has described humanist views toward dying as follows:

How a person decides to die is amongst the near personal choices any human being existence will e'er make. Some terminally ill patients volition wish for the healthcare system to expend every available dollar on prolonging their lives, all the way to the point of imminent medical futility. Others will forgo heroic and extreme measures, preferring to let nature take its course. A tertiary group of individuals—and I am among these—would like to survive just until we can no longer communicate meaningfully and lucidly with our loved ones; then, we want our healthcare providers to cease our lives with as much speed and as little pain as possible. In an enlightened society, each of these wishes would exist honored. ^[12]

Personification of death [edit]

Cartoon of Death bringing cholera, in Le Petit Journal, 1912

Death has been personified as a figure or fictional character in mythology and popular culture since the earliest days of storytelling. Considering the reality of death has had a substantial influence on the man psyche and the development of civilisation as a whole, the personification of Decease as a living, sentient entity is a concept that has existed in many societies since earlier the outset of recorded history. In western culture, death has long been shown equally a skeletal figure conveying a large scythe, and sometimes wearing a midnight black gown with a hood. This image was widely illustrated during the Middle Ages.

Examples of death personified are:

Mexican tradition holds the goddess or folk saint called Santa Muerte as the personification of death.^[13]
In modern-day European-based folklore, Death is known as the "Grim Reaper" or "The grim spectre of death". This form typically wields a scythe, and is sometimes portrayed riding a white horse.
In the Middle Ages, Death was imagined as a decaying or mummified human corpse, later becoming the familiar skeleton in a robe.
Death is sometimes portrayed in fiction and occultism as Azrael, the angel of death (note that the name "Azrael" does non appear in whatever versions of either the Bible or in the Qur'an).
Father Time is sometimes said to be Death.
A psychopomp is a spirit, deity, or other being whose task is to conduct the souls of the recently dead into the afterlife, as in Greek, Roman and other cultures.

Numerical symbolism in East asia [edit]

In red china and Taiwan, Japan, and Korea, the number 4 is ofttimes associated with death because the sound of the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean words for four and expiry are like (for example, the sound sì in Chinese is the Sino-Korean number 4 (四), whereas sǐ is the word for death (死), and in Japanese "shi" is the number iv, whereas shinu is to dice). For this reason, hospitals, airports and hotels oftentimes omit the fourth, 14th, 24th, floors (etc.), or substitute the number 'iv' with the letter 'F'. Koreans are buried under a mound standing vertical in coffins made from six planks of wood. Four of the planks stand for the respective four key points of the compass, while a fifth represents heaven and the sixth represents world. This relates back to the importance that Confucian society placed upon the four fundamental points having mystical powers.

Glorification of and fascination with expiry [edit]

Whether considering of its poetic nature, the cracking mystery it presents, or both, many cultures glorify death likewise as law-breaking, martyrdom, revenge, suicide, war, and many other forms of violence involving expiry. Each of these categories represents larger meanings than only the cessation of life, and information technology is usually these meanings which may be glorified.^{[ commendation needed ]} ^{[ example needed ]}

In modern times, death and these related constructs take been glorified despite attempts to describe them without glory. For example, moving-picture show critic Roger Ebert mentions in a number of articles that French director François Truffaut says he believes it is impossible to brand an anti-war film, equally any depiction of war ends up glorifying it.^[14]

The most prevalent and permanent course of decease'southward glorification is through creative expression. For case, songs such equally "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" and "Bullet in the Head" evidence death as poetic or employ poetic analogy. And historic events such every bit the Charge of the Light Brigade and the Battle of the Alamo have served as inspirations for artistic depictions of and myths regarding death.^{[ commendation needed ]} ^{[ example needed ]} In 2010, a not-turn a profit arts organization in E Haddam, Connecticut invited artists to participate in an interdisciplinary project titled "Thanatopolis at I-Park", which I-Park described equally, "an alternative, creative person-imaged memorial park/infinite seeking to make full the gap left by empty and irrelevant gimmicky memorial practice."^[15]

The perception of glory in expiry is subjective and can differ wildly from one member of a group to another.^{[ case needed ]} Religion can play a primal role, peculiarly in terms of expectations of an afterlife.^{[ example needed ]} Personal feelings and perceptions about manner of death are likewise important factors.^{[ citation needed ]} ^{[ instance needed ]}

See too [edit]

Bloodshed salience
Civilisation of life
Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture

References [edit]

^ "Shot at Dawn, campaign for pardons for British and Democracy soldiers executed in Globe State of war I". Shot at Dawn Pardons Entrada. Archived from the original on 2006-x-04. Retrieved 2006-07-20 .
^ Iranian activists fight child executions, Ali Akbar Dareini, Associated Printing, September 17, 2008; accessed September 22, 2008. Archived September 25, 2008, at the Wayback Car
^ "Iran rapped over child executions", Pam O'Toole, BBC, June 27, 2007; accessed September 22, 2008.
^ Otterbein, Keith, 2004, How War Began. Texas A&M University Press.
^ A. Ezzati (1986). The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam. Tehran University.
^ "Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rising in Middle East". www.pewglobal.org/. Pew Enquiry Center. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
^ Shaffer, D.J. (September 1988). "The Epidemiology of Teen Suicide: An Test of Take chances Factors". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 49 (supp): 36–41. PMID 3047106.
^ "How can suicide be prevented?". 2005-09-09. Retrieved 2007-04-13 .
^ "Death & Burial Customs". about.com. Retrieved 2006-09-18 .
^ "Bakra Eid: The cost of sacrifice". asiancorrespondent.com . Retrieved 2016-04-19 .
^ Mitford, Jessica. The American Way of Death Revisited. New York: Vintage Books. p. 141.
^ Appel, Jacob.The Ultimate Prescription: Make Usa Make up one's mind How We Desire To Die, July 30, 2009.
^ Chesnut, R. Andrew (2018) [2012]. Devoted to Death: Santa Muerte, the Skeleton Saint (Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 6. doi:x.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764662.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-063332-five. LCCN 2011009177. Retrieved 2021-12-02 .
^ Ebert, Roger. "Platoon Motion-picture show Review & Film Summary (1986) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2018-09-28 .
^ "Thanatopolis, Culling Creative person-Created Memorial Park/Infinite, Telephone call for Works, Deadline July 12". I-Park Foundation, Inc. July 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-02-07.

External links [edit]

Media related to Cultural aspects of death at Wikimedia Commons

nicolluncloyesseen.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_culture